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British Science Association

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</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">British Science Association</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data note">1831 (1831)<a href="#cite_note-about-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Professional organisation and <a href="Charitable_organization" title="Charitable organization">registered charity</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Registration no.</th><td class="infobox-data">212479</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Wellcome Wolfson Building, 165 Queen's Gate, London SW7 5HD<a href="#cite_note-charities-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">

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</style><a class="external text" href="geo:51.4971,-0.179">51°29′50″N 0°10′44″W / 51.4971°N 0.1790°W / 51.4971; -0.1790</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Area served </div></th><td class="infobox-data">UK, Worldwide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Chair: Hilary Newiss President: Professor <a href="Kevin_Fenton" title="Kevin Fenton">Kevin Fenton</a> CEO: Hannah Russell</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Revenue</th><td class="infobox-data">£2,754,408 (year ending Dec 2018)<a href="#cite_note-charities-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">30<a href="#cite_note-charities-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Volunteers</th><td class="infobox-data">650<a href="#cite_note-charities-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.BritishScienceAssociation.org">www.britishscienceassociation.org</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

The British Science Association (BSA) is a <a href="Charitable_organization" title="Charitable organization">charity</a> and <a href="Learned_society" title="Learned society">learned society</a> founded in 1831 to aid in the promotion and development of science.<a href="#cite_note-about-1">[1]</a> Until 2009 it was known as the British Association for the Advancement of Science (BA).<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The current Chief Executive is Hannah Russell. The BSA's mission is to get more people engaged in the field of science by coordinating, delivering, and overseeing different projects that are suited to achieve these goals.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The BSA "envisions a society in which a diverse group of people can learn and apply the sciences in which they learn."<a href="#cite_note-British_Science_Association-5">[5]</a> and is managed by a professional staff located at their Head Office in the Wellcome Wolfson Building.<a href="#cite_note-British_Science_Association-5">[5]</a> The BSA offers a wide variety of activities and events that both recognise and encourage people to be involved in science.<a href="#cite_note-Our_organisation-6">[6]</a> These include the British Science Festival, British Science Week, the CREST Awards, For Thought, The Ideas Fund, along with regional and local events.<a href="#cite_note-Our_organisation-6">[6]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation">Foundation</h3></div>

The Association was founded in 1831<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> and modelled on the German <a href="Gesellschaft_Deutscher_Naturforscher_und_%C3%84rzte" class="mw-redirect" title="Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher und Ärzte">Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher und Ärzte</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> It was founded during post-war reconstruction after the Peninsula war to improve the advancement of science in England.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The prime mover (who is regarded as the main founder) was Reverend <a href="William_Vernon_Harcourt_(scientist)" title="William Vernon Harcourt (scientist)">William Vernon Harcourt</a>, following a suggestion by Sir <a href="David_Brewster" title="David Brewster">David Brewster</a>, who was disillusioned with the elitist and conservative attitude of the <a href="Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>. <a href="Charles_Babbage" title="Charles Babbage">Charles Babbage</a>, <a href="William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a> and <a href="James_Finlay_Weir_Johnston" title="James Finlay Weir Johnston">J. F. W. Johnston</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> are also considered to be founding members. The first meeting was held in <a href="York" title="York">York</a> (at the <a href="Yorkshire_Museum" title="Yorkshire Museum">Yorkshire Museum</a>) on Tuesday 27 September 1831 with various scientific papers being presented on the following days. It was chaired by <a href="Charles_Wentworth-Fitzwilliam%2C_5th_Earl_Fitzwilliam" title="Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam">Viscount Milton</a>, president of the <a href="Yorkshire_Philosophical_Society" title="Yorkshire Philosophical Society">Yorkshire Philosophical Society</a>, and "upwards of 300 gentlemen" attended the meeting.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The Preston Mercury recorded that those gathered consisted of "persons of distinction from various parts of the kingdom, together with several of the gentry of Yorkshire and the members of philosopher societies in this country". The newspaper published the names of over a hundred of those attending and these included, amongst others, eighteen clergymen, eleven doctors, four knights, two Viscounts and one Lord.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a>

From that date onwards a meeting was held annually at a place chosen at a previous meeting. In 1832, for example, the meeting was held in Oxford, chaired by Reverend Dr <a href="William_Buckland" title="William Buckland">William Buckland</a>. By this stage the Association had four sections: Physics (including Mathematics and Mechanical Arts), Chemistry (including <a href="Mineralogy" title="Mineralogy">Mineralogy</a> and Chemical Arts), Geology (including Geography) and Natural History.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-14">[14]</a>

During this second meeting, the first objects and rules of the Association were published. Objects included systematically directing the acquisition of scientific knowledge, spreading this knowledge as well as discussion between scientists across the world, and to focus on furthering science by removing obstacles to progress.<a href="#cite_note-:2-14">[14]</a> The rules established included what constituted a member of the Association, the fee to remain a member, and the process for future meetings. They also include dividing the members into different committees. These committees separated members into their preferred subject matter, and were to recommend investigations into areas of interest, then report on these findings, as well as progress in their science at the annual meetings.<a href="#cite_note-:2-14">[14]</a>

Additional sections were added throughout the years by either splitting off part of an original section, like making Geography and Ethnology its own section apart from Geology in 1851, or by defining a new subject area of discussion, such as Anthropology in 1869.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a>

A very important decision in the Association's history was made in 1842 when it was resolved to create a "physical observatory". A building that became well known as the <a href="Kew_Observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Kew Observatory">Kew Observatory</a> was taken on for the purpose and <a href="Francis_Ronalds" title="Francis Ronalds">Francis Ronalds</a> was chosen as the inaugural Honorary Director. Kew Observatory quickly became one of the most renowned <a href="Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorological</a> and <a href="Earth's_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">geomagnetic</a> observatories in the world.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The Association relinquished control of the Kew Observatory in 1871 to the management of the Royal Society, after a large donation to grant the observatory its independence.<a href="#cite_note-:1-19">[19]</a>

In 1872, the Association purchased its first central office in London, acquiring four rooms at 22 Albemarle Street. This office was intended to be a resource for members of the Association.<a href="#cite_note-:1-19">[19]</a>

One of the most famous events linked to the Association Meeting was an exchange between <a href="Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a> and Bishop <a href="Samuel_Wilberforce" title="Samuel Wilberforce">Samuel Wilberforce</a> in 1860 (see the <a href="1860_Oxford_evolution_debate" title="1860 Oxford evolution debate">1860 Oxford evolution debate</a>). Although it is often described as a "debate", the exchange occurred after the presentation of a paper by Prof Draper of New York, on the intellectual development of Europe with relation to Darwin's theory (one of a number of scientific papers presented during the week) and the subsequent discussion involved a number of other participants (although Wilberforce and Huxley were the most prominent).<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Although a number of newspapers made passing references to the exchange,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> it was not until later that it was accorded greater significance in the <a href="Evolution_debate" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution debate">evolution debate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electrical_standards">Electrical standards</h3></div>

One of the most important contributions of the British Association was the establishment of standards for electrical usage: the <a href="Ohm" title="Ohm">ohm</a> as the unit of <a href="Electrical_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical resistance">electrical resistance</a>, the <a href="Volt" title="Volt">volt</a> as the unit of <a href="Electrical_potential" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical potential">electrical potential</a>, and the <a href="Ampere" title="Ampere">ampere</a> as the unit of <a href="Electrical_current" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical current">electrical current</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hunt1994-23">[23]</a> A need for standards arose with the <a href="Submarine_communications_cable" title="Submarine communications cable">submarine telegraph</a> industry. Practitioners came to use their own standards established by wire coils: "By the late 1850s, Clark, <a href="C._F._Varley" title="C. F. Varley">Varley</a>, <a href="Charles_Tilston_Bright" title="Charles Tilston Bright">Bright</a>, <a href="Willoughby_Smith" title="Willoughby Smith">Smith</a> and other leading British cable engineers were using calibrated resistance coils on a regular basis and were beginning to use calibrated condensers as well."<a href="#cite_note-Hunt1994-23">[23]</a>: 52

The undertaking was suggested to the BA by <a href="William_Thomson%2C_Baron_Kelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thomson, Baron Kelvin">William Thomson</a>, and its success was due to the use of Thomson's <a href="Mirror_galvanometer" title="Mirror galvanometer">mirror galvanometer</a>. <a href="Josiah_Latimer_Clark" title="Josiah Latimer Clark">Josiah Latimer Clark</a> and <a href="Fleeming_Jenkin" title="Fleeming Jenkin">Fleeming Jenkin</a> made preparations. Thomson, with his students, found that impure <a href="Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, contaminated with <a href="Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>, introduced significant extra resistance. The chemist <a href="Augustus_Matthiessen" title="Augustus Matthiessen">Augustus Matthiessen</a> contributed an appendix (A) to the final 1873 report<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> that showed temperature-dependence of alloys.

<dl><dd>The natural relation between these units are clearly, that a unit of electromotive force between two points of a conductor separated by a unit of resistance shall produce unit current, and that this current in a unit of time convey a unit quantity of electricity.</dd></dl>

The unit system was "absolute" since it agreed with previously accepted units of work, or energy:

<dl><dd>The unit current of electricity, in passing through a conductor of unit resistance, does a unit of work or its equivalent in a unit of time.</dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Committee_on_Mechanical_Nomenclature">Committee on Mechanical Nomenclature</h3></div>

In 1888, at a meeting of the British Association in <a href="Bath%2C_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a>, the Committee on Mechanical Nomenclature suggested three new units: the kine for <a href="Velocity" title="Velocity">velocity</a>, equal to 1 <a href="Centimeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Centimeter">centimeter</a> per <a href="Second" title="Second">second</a>; the bole for <a href="Momentum" title="Momentum">momentum</a>, equal to 1 <a href="Gram" title="Gram">gram</a> times 1 kine; and the <a href="Barye" title="Barye">barad</a> for <a href="Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a>, equal to 1 <a href="Dyne" title="Dyne">dyne</a> per <a href="Square_centimeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Square centimeter">square centimeter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a>: 184 The London Electrical Review called the new units "an abomination, and wholly unnecessary" and attributed their creation to a "craze" for naming new units.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a>: 330 <a href="William_Henry_Preece" title="William Henry Preece">William Henry Preece</a> noted in 1891 that he had only seen one instance of use of the new units.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a>: 506 By 1913, the units had fallen entirely out of use.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a>: 344

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3></div>

The Association was parodied by English novelist <a href="Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a> as 'The Mudfog Society for the Advancement of Everything' in <a href="The_Mudfog_Papers" title="The Mudfog Papers">The Mudfog Papers</a> (1837–38).<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a>

In 1878 a committee of the Association recommended against constructing <a href="Charles_Babbage" title="Charles Babbage">Charles Babbage</a>'s <a href="Analytical_engine" title="Analytical engine">analytical engine</a>, due to concerns about the current state of the machine's lack of complete working drawings, the machine's potential cost to produce, the machine's durability during repeated use, how and what the machine will actually be utilized for, and that more work would need to be done to bring the design up to a standard at which it is guaranteed to work.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a>

The Association introduced the <a href="British_Association_screw_threads" title="British Association screw threads">British Association (usually termed "BA") screw threads</a>, a series of screw thread standards in sizes from 0.25 mm up to 6 mm, in 1882.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The standards were based on the <a href="Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric system</a>, although they had to be re-defined in imperial terms for use by UK industry.  The standard was modified in 1884 to restrict significant figures for the metric counterpart of diameter and pitch of the screw in the published table, as well as not designating screws by their number of threads per inch, and instead giving an approximation due to considerable actual differences in manufactured screws.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a>

In 1889, a member of the <a href="Rational_Dress_Society" title="Rational Dress Society">Rational Dress Society</a>, <a href="Charlotte_Carmichael_Stopes" title="Charlotte Carmichael Stopes">Charlotte Carmichael Stopes</a>, stunned the proceedings of a meeting of the Association in <a href="Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a> by organizing an impromptu session where she introduced rational dress to a wide audience, her speech being noted in newspapers across Britain.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a>

In 1903, microscopist and astronomer <a href="Washington_Teasdale" title="Washington Teasdale">Washington Teasdale</a> died whilst attending the annual meeting.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perception_of_science_in_the_UK">Perception of science in the UK</h2></div>

The Association's main aim is to make science more relevant, representative and connected to society.

At the beginning of the <a href="Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, the Association's focus began to shift their purpose to account for not only scientific progress, but the social aspects of such progress. In the Association's 1931 meeting, the president <a href="Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">General Jan Christiaan Smuts</a> ended his address by the proposal of linking science and ethics together but provided no means to actuate his ideas.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-37">[37]</a> In the following years, debate began as to whom the responsibilities of scientists fell upon. The Association adopted a resolution in 1934 that dedicated efforts to better balance scientific advancement with social progress.<a href="#cite_note-:3-37">[37]</a>

<a href="John_Desmond_Bernal" class="mw-redirect" title="John Desmond Bernal">J.D. Bernal</a>, a member of the <a href="Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> and the British Association, wrote The Social Function of Science in 1939, describing a need to correctly utilize science for society and the importance of its public perception.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The idea of the public perception of science was furthered in 1985 when the Royal Society published a report titled The Public Understanding of Science.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a>

In the report, a committee of the Royal Society determined that it was scientists' duty to communicate to and educate the public.<a href="#cite_note-:4-41">[41]</a> Lord George Porter, then president of the Royal Society, British Association, and director of the Royal Institution, created the <a href="Committee_on_the_Public_Understanding_of_Science" title="Committee on the Public Understanding of Science">Committee on the Public Understanding of Science</a>, or COPUS, to promote public understanding of science.<a href="#cite_note-:4-41">[41]</a>

Professor Sir <a href="George_Porter" title="George Porter">George Porter</a> became the president in September 1985. He won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1967 along with Manfred Eigen, and Ronald George Wreyford Norrish.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> When asked about the scientific literacy of <a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a>, he stated that Britain was the least educated country compared to all the other advanced countries. His idea to solve this problem would be to start scientific education for children at the age of 4. He says his reason for such an early age is because that is the age when children are the most curious, and implementing science at that age will help them gain curiosity towards all disciplines of science.<a href="#cite_note-the-scientist.com-43">[43]</a> When asked why public ignorance to science matters, his response was<blockquote>It matters because among those who are scientifically illiterate are some of those who are in power, people who lead us in politics, in civil service, in the media, in the church, often in industry and sometimes even in education. Think, for example, about the enormous influence of scientific knowledge on one's whole philosophy of life, even one's religion. It is no more permissible for the archbishops of today, who advise their flocks on how to interpret the Scriptures, to ignore the findings of Watson and Crick, than it was right for clerics of the last century to ignore the work of Darwin. Science today is all-pervasive. Without some scientific and technical education, it is becoming impossible even to vote responsibly on matters of health, energy, defense or education. So unless things change, we shall soon live in a country that is backward not only in its technology and standard of living but in its cultural vitality too. It is wrong to suppose that by foregoing technological and scientific education we shall somehow become a nation of artists, writers or philosophers instead. These two aspects of culture have never been divorced from each other throughout our history. Every renaissance, every period that showed a flowering of civilization, advanced simultaneously in the arts and sciences, and in technology too.<a href="#cite_note-the-scientist.com-43">[43]</a></blockquote>

Sir Kenneth Durham, former director of research at <a href="Unilever" title="Unilever">Unilever</a>, on becoming president in August 1987 followed on from Sir George Porter saying that science teachers needed extra pay to overcome the scarcity of mathematics and physics teachers in secondary schools, and that "unless we deal with this as matter of urgency, the outlook for our manufacturing future is bleak". He regretted that headmasters and careers masters had for many years followed 'the cult of <a href="Oxbridge" title="Oxbridge">Oxbridge</a>' because "it carried more prestige to read classics at Oxbridge and go into the <a href="Civil_Service_(United_Kingdom)" title="Civil Service (United Kingdom)">Civil Service</a> or banking, than to read engineering at, say, <a href="University_of_Salford" title="University of Salford">Salford</a>, and go into <a href="Manufacturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Manufacturing in the United Kingdom">manufacturing industry</a>". He said that reporting of sciences gave good coverage to medical science, but that "nevertheless, editors ought to be sensitive to developments in areas such as solid state physics, astro-physics, colloid science, molecular biology, transmission of stimuli along nerve fibres, and so on, and that newspaper editors were in danger of waiting for disasters before the scientific factors involved in the incidents were explained.

In September 2001 Sir William Stewart, as outgoing president, warned that universities faced "<a href="Dumbing_down" title="Dumbing down">dumbing down</a>" and that<blockquote>we can deliver social inclusiveness, and the best universities, but not both from a limited amount of money. We run the risk of doing neither well. Universities are underfunded, and must not be seen simply as a substitute for <a href="Conscription_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conscription in the United Kingdom">National Service</a> to keep youngsters off the <a href="Unemployment_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unemployment in the United Kingdom">dole queue</a>... [Adding,] scientists have to be careful and consider the full implications of what they are seeking to achieve. The problem with some clever people is that they find cleverer ways of being stupid.</blockquote>

In the year 2000, Sir Peter Williams had put together a panel to discuss the shortage of physics majors. A physicist called Derek Raine had stated that he has had multiple firms call him up asking for physics majors. The report they made stated that it is critical that they increase the number of physics teachers, or it will have a detrimental effect on the number of future engineers and scientists.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Science_Festival">British Science Festival</h3></div>

The Association's major emphasis in recent decades has been on <a href="Public_understanding_of_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Public understanding of science">public engagement in science</a>. Its annual meeting, now called the British Science Festival, is the largest public showcase for science in the UK and attracts a great deal of media attention. It is held at UK universities in early September for one week, with visits to science-related local cultural attractions.

The 2010 Festival, held in Birmingham with <a href="Aston_University" title="Aston University">Aston University</a> as lead University partner, featured a prank event: the unveiling of Dulcis foetidus, a fictional plant purported to emit a pungent odour. An experiment in <a href="Herd_mentality" title="Herd mentality">herd mentality</a>, some audience members were induced into believing they could smell it.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a>

The Festival has also been the home to protest and debate. In 1970 there were protestors over the use of science for weapons.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_Communication_Conference">Science Communication Conference</h3></div>

The Association organised and held the annual <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090403025204/http://www.britishscienceassociation.org/web/ScienceinSociety/ScienceCommunicationConference/ScienceCommunicationConference.htm">Science Communication Conference</a> for over ten years. It was the largest conference of its kind in the UK, and addressed the key issues facing science communicators. In 2015, the BSA introduced a new series of smaller events for science communicators, designed to address the same issues as the Science Communication Conference but for a more targeted audience.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Science_Week">British Science Week</h3></div>

In addition to the British Science Festival, the British Science Association organises the British Science Week (formerly National Science & Engineering Week), an opportunity for people of all ages to get involved in science, engineering, technology and maths activities, originating as the National Week of Science, Engineering and Technology.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a>

The Association also has a young people's programme, the CREST Awards which seeks to involve school students in science beyond the school curriculum, and to encourage them to consider higher education and careers in science.

<big>Huxley Summit</big>

Named after Thomas Huxley, the Huxley Summit is a leadership event run by the British Science Association, where 250 of the most influential people in the UK are brought together to discuss scientific and social challenges that the UK faces in the 21st century and to develop a link between scientists and non-scientists to ensure that science can be understood by society as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-Huxley_Summit_{{!}}_About-48">[48]</a> On 8 November 2016, the British Science Association held the very first Huxley Summit at BAFTA, London.<a href="#cite_note-Huxley_Summit_{{!}}_About-48">[48]</a> The theme of the summit was "Trust in the 21st Century" and how that would affect the future of science, innovation, and business.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a>

<big>Media Fellowship Schemes</big>

The British Science Association's Media Fellowship provides the opportunity for practicing scientists, clinicians, and engineers to spend a period of time working at media outlets such as the Guardian, BBC Breakfast or The Londonist.<a href="#cite_note-nutritionsociety.org-50">[50]</a> After their time with the media placement, the fellows attend the British Science Festival which will offer these practitioners valuable working experience with a range of media organizations along with learning from a wide range of public engagement activities and be able to network with academics, journalists and science communicators.<a href="#cite_note-nutritionsociety.org-50">[50]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="CREST_Awards">CREST Awards</h2></div>

CREST Awards is the British Science Association's scheme to encourage students aged 5–19 to get involved with STEM projects and encourage scientific thinking. Awards range from Star Awards (targeted at those aged 5–7) to Gold Awards (targeted to those aged 16–19). Overall, 30,000 awards are undertaken annually.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Many students who do CREST Awards, especially Silver and Gold Awards which require 30 and 70 hours of work respectively, enter competitions like the UK <a href="The_Big_Bang_Fair" title="The Big Bang Fair">Big Bang Fair</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patrons_and_Presidents_of_the_British_Science_Association">Patrons and Presidents of the British Science Association</h2></div>

Traditionally the president is elected at the meeting usually held in August/September for a one-year term and gives a presidential address upon retiring. The honour of the presidency is traditionally bestowed only once per individual. Written sources that give the year of presidency as a single year generally mean the year in which the presidential address is given. In 1926/1927 the association's patron was <a href="King_George_V" class="mw-redirect" title="King George V">King George V</a> and the president was his son <a href="Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward, Prince of Wales</a>. The vice-presidents for the <a href="Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a> meeting at this time included City of Leeds <a href="Lupton_family" title="Lupton family">Alderman Charles Lupton</a> and his brother, <a href="Lupton_family" title="Lupton family">The Rt. Hon. the Lord Mayor of Leeds Hugh Lupton</a>. The husband of the brothers' first cousin once removed - <a href="Albert_Kitson%2C_2nd_Baron_Airedale" title="Albert Kitson, 2nd Baron Airedale">Lord Airedale</a> of <a href="Gledhow" title="Gledhow">Gledhow</a> - was also a vice-president at the Leeds meeting.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a>

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</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsible-leftside-toggle mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Presidents 1831–1849</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="">

<ul><li>1831: <a href="Charles_Wentworth-Fitzwilliam%2C_5th_Earl_Fitzwilliam" title="Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam">Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam</a>, statistician.<a href="#cite_note-21st_meeting-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></li>

<li>1832: Rev. <a href="William_Buckland" title="William Buckland">William Buckland</a>, palaeontologist</li>

<li>1833: Rev. <a href="Adam_Sedgwick" title="Adam Sedgwick">Adam Sedgwick</a>, geologist</li>

<li>1834: Sir <a href="Thomas_Brisbane" title="Thomas Brisbane">Thomas Makdougall Brisbane</a>, astronomer <a href="#cite_note-21st_meeting-54">[54]</a></li>

<li>1835: Rev. <a href="Humphrey_Lloyd_(physicist)" title="Humphrey Lloyd (physicist)">Humphrey Lloyd</a>, physicist <a href="#cite_note-21st_meeting-54">[54]</a></li>

<li>1836: <a href="Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice%2C_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne</a>, statistician <a href="#cite_note-21st_meeting-54">[54]</a></li>

<li>1837: <a href="William_Cavendish%2C_7th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="William Cavendish, 7th Duke of Devonshire">William Cavendish</a>, 2nd Earl of Burlington, Chancellor of the University of London <a href="#cite_note-21st_meeting-54">[54]</a></li>

<li>1838: <a href="Algernon_Percy%2C_4th_Duke_of_Northumberland" title="Algernon Percy, 4th Duke of Northumberland">Algernon Percy, 4th Duke of Northumberland</a>, Naval officer <a href="#cite_note-21st_meeting-54">[54]</a></li>

<li>1839: Canon <a href="William_Vernon_Harcourt_(scientist)" title="William Vernon Harcourt (scientist)">William Vernon Harcourt</a>, FRS</li>

<li>1840: <a href="John_Campbell%2C_2nd_Marquess_of_Breadalbane" title="John Campbell, 2nd Marquess of Breadalbane">John Campbell, 2nd Marquess of Breadalbane</a>, F.R.S.<a href="#cite_note-21st_meeting-54">[54]</a></li>

<li>1841: Rev. <a href="William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a>, polymath and philosopher of science</li>

<li>1842: Lord <a href="Francis_Egerton%2C_1st_Earl_of_Ellesmere" title="Francis Egerton, 1st Earl of Ellesmere">Francis Egerton</a><a href="#cite_note-21st_meeting-54">[54]</a></li>

<li>1843: <a href="William_Parsons%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Rosse" title="William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse">William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse</a>, astronomer <a href="#cite_note-21st_meeting-54">[54]</a></li>

<li>1844: Rev. <a href="George_Peacock_(mathematician)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Peacock (mathematician)">George Peacock</a>, mathematician <a href="#cite_note-21st_meeting-54">[54]</a></li>

<li>1845: Sir <a href="John_Herschel" title="John Herschel">John F. W. Herschel</a>, astronomer & polymath <a href="#cite_note-21st_meeting-54">[54]</a></li>

<li>1846: Sir <a href="Roderick_Murchison" title="Roderick Murchison">Roderick Impey Murchison</a>, geologist <a href="#cite_note-21st_meeting-54">[54]</a></li>

<li>1847: Sir <a href="Robert_Inglis%2C_2nd_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Inglis, 2nd Baronet">Robert Harry Inglis</a><a href="#cite_note-21st_meeting-54">[54]</a></li>

<li>1848: <a href="Spencer_Compton%2C_2nd_Marquess_of_Northampton" title="Spencer Compton, 2nd Marquess of Northampton">Spencer Compton, 2nd Marquess of Northampton</a>, geologist <a href="#cite_note-21st_meeting-54">[54]</a></li>

<li>1849: Rev. <a href="Thomas_Romney_Robinson" title="Thomas Romney Robinson">Thomas Romney Robinson</a>, astronomer <a href="#cite_note-21st_meeting-54">[54]</a></li></ul>

</div></div>

<div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsible-leftside-toggle mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Presidents 1850–1899</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="">

<ul><li>1850: <a href="Sir_David_Brewster" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir David Brewster">Sir David Brewster</a>, physicist</li>

<li>1851: Sir <a href="George_Biddell_Airy" title="George Biddell Airy">George Biddell Airy</a>, Astronomer Royal <a href="#cite_note-21st_meeting-54">[54]</a></li>

<li>1852: Colonel <a href="Edward_Sabine" title="Edward Sabine">Edward Sabine</a>, Vice-president of the Royal Society <a href="#cite_note-21st_meeting-54">[54]</a></li>

<li>1853: <a href="William_Hopkins" title="William Hopkins">William Hopkins</a> FGS, mathematician and geologist</li>

<li>1854: <a href="Dudley_Ryder%2C_2nd_Earl_of_Harrowby" title="Dudley Ryder, 2nd Earl of Harrowby">Dudley Ryder, 2nd Earl of Harrowby</a> FRS</li>

<li>1855: <a href="George_Campbell%2C_8th_Duke_of_Argyll" title="George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll">George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll</a> FRS, FRSE, FGS</li>

<li>1856: <a href="Charles_Daubeny" title="Charles Daubeny">Charles D. B. Daubeny</a> MD, FRS, botanist</li>

<li>1857: Rev. <a href="Humphrey_Lloyd_(physicist)" title="Humphrey Lloyd (physicist)">Humphrey Lloyd</a> FRS, FRSE, physicist</li>

<li>1858: Sir <a href="Richard_Owen" title="Richard Owen">Richard Owen</a> MD, FLS, FGS, naturalist</li>

<li>1859: <a href="Albert%2C_Prince_Consort" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert, Prince Consort">Albert, Prince Consort</a></li>

<li>1860: <a href="John_Wrottesley%2C_2nd_Baron_Wrottesley" title="John Wrottesley, 2nd Baron Wrottesley">John Wrottesley, 2nd Baron Wrottesley</a> FRAS, astronomer</li>

<li>1861: Sir <a href="William_Fairbairn" title="William Fairbairn">William Fairbairn</a>, civil engineer</li>

<li>1862: Rev. <a href="Robert_Willis_(engineer)" title="Robert Willis (engineer)">Robert Willis</a> FRS, civil engineer</li>

<li>1863: <a href="William_Armstrong%2C_1st_Baron_Armstrong" title="William Armstrong, 1st Baron Armstrong">William Armstrong</a>, engineer and inventor</li>

<li>1864: Sir <a href="Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a>, geologist</li>

<li>1865: <a href="John_Phillips_(geologist)" title="John Phillips (geologist)">John Phillips</a> FRS, geologist</li>

<li>1866: <a href="William_Robert_Grove" title="William Robert Grove">William Robert Grove</a> FRS</li>

<li>1867: <a href="Walter_Montagu_Douglas_Scott%2C_5th_Duke_of_Buccleuch" title="Walter Montagu Douglas Scott, 5th Duke of Buccleuch">Walter Montagu Douglas Scott, 5th Duke of Buccleuch</a> FRS</li>

<li>1868: <a href="Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Dalton Hooker</a> MD, FRS, botanist</li>

<li>1869: Sir <a href="George_Stokes%2C_1st_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="George Stokes, 1st Baronet">George Stokes, 1st Baronet</a> FRS, mathematical physicist</li>

<li>1870: <a href="Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a> FRS, biologist</li>

<li>1871: Sir <a href="William_Thomson%2C_1st_Baron_Kelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin">William Thomson</a> FRS, FRSE, physicist</li>

<li>1872: <a href="William_Benjamin_Carpenter" title="William Benjamin Carpenter">William Benjamin Carpenter</a> MD, FRS</li>

<li>1873: <a href="Alexander_William_Williamson" title="Alexander William Williamson">Alexander William Williamson</a> FRS, chemist</li>

<li>1874: <a href="John_Tyndall" title="John Tyndall">John Tyndall</a> FRS, physicist</li>

<li>1875: Sir <a href="John_Hawkshaw" title="John Hawkshaw">John Hawkshaw</a> FRS, civil engineer</li>

<li>1876: <a href="Thomas_Andrews_(scientist)" title="Thomas Andrews (scientist)">Thomas Andrews</a> MD, FRS, chemist</li>

<li>1877: <a href="Allen_Thomson" title="Allen Thomson">Allen Thomson</a> MD, FRS, FRSE</li>

<li>1878: <a href="William_Spottiswoode" title="William Spottiswoode">William Spottiswoode</a> FRS, mathematician</li>

<li>1879: <a href="George_James_Allman" class="mw-redirect" title="George James Allman">George James Allman</a> FRS, naturalist</li>

<li>1880: Sir <a href="Andrew_Ramsay_(geologist)" title="Andrew Ramsay (geologist)">Andrew Crombie Ramsay</a> FRS, geologist</li>

<li>1881: <a href="John_Lubbock%2C_1st_Baron_Avebury" title="John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury">John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury</a> MP, FRS</li>

<li>1882: <a href="Carl_Wilhelm_Siemens" title="Carl Wilhelm Siemens">C. W. Siemens</a> FRS, FRSA, engineer</li>

<li>1883: <a href="Arthur_Cayley" title="Arthur Cayley">Arthur Cayley</a>, mathematician<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></li>

<li>1884: <a href="John_William_Strutt%2C_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh</a> FRS, FRAS, FGS, physicist</li>

<li>1885: <a href="Lyon_Playfair%2C_1st_Baron_Playfair" title="Lyon Playfair, 1st Baron Playfair">Lyon Playfair, 1st Baron Playfair</a> MP, FRS, FRSE</li>

<li>1886: Sir <a href="John_William_Dawson" title="John William Dawson">John William Dawson</a> CMG, geologist</li>

<li>1887: Sir <a href="Henry_Enfield_Roscoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Enfield Roscoe">Henry Enfield Roscoe</a>, chemist</li>

<li>1888: Sir <a href="Frederick_Bramwell" title="Frederick Bramwell">Frederick Bramwell</a>, civil engineer</li>

<li>1889: Sir <a href="William_Henry_Flower" title="William Henry Flower">William Henry Flower</a> CB, anatomist</li>

<li>1890: Sir <a href="William_Huggins" title="William Huggins">William Huggins</a> FRS, FRAS, FBAS, astronomer</li>

<li>1891: Sir <a href="Frederick_August_Abel" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick August Abel">Frederick August Abel</a> FRS</li>

<li>1892: Sir <a href="Archibald_Geikie" title="Archibald Geikie">Archibald Geikie</a>, geologist</li>

<li>1893: Sir <a href="John_Scott_Burdon-Sanderson" class="mw-redirect" title="John Scott Burdon-Sanderson">John Scott Burdon-Sanderson</a>, medical doctor</li>

<li>1894: <a href="Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil%2C_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury</a> FRS</li>

<li>1895: Captain Sir <a href="Douglas_Strutt_Galton" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas Strutt Galton">Douglas Strutt Galton</a> FRS, civil engineer</li>

<li>1896: <a href="Joseph_Lister%2C_1st_Baron_Lister" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister">Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister</a></li>

<li>1897: <a href="John_Evans_(archaeologist)" title="John Evans (archaeologist)">John Evans</a>, archaeologist</li>

<li>1898: Sir <a href="William_Crookes" title="William Crookes">William Crookes</a> FRS, chemist and physicist</li>

<li>1899: Sir <a href="Michael_Foster_(physiologist)" title="Michael Foster (physiologist)">Michael Foster</a>, physiologist</li></ul>

</div></div>

<div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsible-leftside-toggle mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Presidents 1900–1949</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="">

<ul><li>1900: Sir <a href="William_Turner_(university_principal)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Turner (university principal)">William Turner</a>, anatomist and vice-chancellor from 1903 to 1916 of the <a href="University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a></li>

<li>1901: <a href="Arthur_William_Rucker" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur William Rucker">Arthur William Rücker</a> FRS, physicist</li>

<li>1902: Sir <a href="James_Dewar" title="James Dewar">James Dewar</a> FRS, chemist and physicist</li>

<li>1903: Sir <a href="Norman_Lockyer" title="Norman Lockyer">Norman Lockyer</a> FRS, astronomer and physicist</li>

<li>1904: <a href="Arthur_James_Balfour" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur James Balfour">Arthur James Balfour</a> MP, FRS</li>

<li>1905: Sir <a href="George_Darwin" title="George Darwin">George Darwin</a>, older brother of Francis</li>

<li>1906: Sir <a href="Ray_Lankester" title="Ray Lankester">Ray Lankester</a>, zoologist<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></li>

<li>1907: Sir <a href="David_Gill_(astronomer)" title="David Gill (astronomer)">David Gill</a> CB, astronomer</li>

<li>1908: Sir <a href="Francis_Darwin" title="Francis Darwin">Francis Darwin</a>, son of Charles</li>

<li>1909: Sir <a href="J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a>, physicist</li>

<li>1910: Rev. Professor <a href="Thomas_George_Bonney" title="Thomas George Bonney">Thomas George Bonney</a>, geologist</li>

<li>1911: Sir <a href="William_Ramsay" title="William Ramsay">William Ramsay</a>, chemist</li>

<li>1912: <a href="Edward_Albert_Sharpey-Schafer" title="Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer">Edward Albert Schäfer</a>, physiologist</li>

<li>1913: Sir <a href="Oliver_Lodge" title="Oliver Lodge">Oliver Lodge</a>, physicist</li>

<li>1914: <a href="William_Bateson" title="William Bateson">William Bateson</a>, geneticist</li>

<li>1915: Sir <a href="Arthur_Schuster" title="Arthur Schuster">Arthur Schuster</a>, physicist</li>

<li>1916–1919: Sir <a href="Charles_Algernon_Parsons" title="Charles Algernon Parsons">Charles Algernon Parsons</a>, engineer</li>

<li>1916: Sir <a href="Arthur_Evans" title="Arthur Evans">Arthur Evans</a>, archaeologist</li>

<li>1920: <a href="William_Abbott_Herdman" title="William Abbott Herdman">William Abbott Herdman</a>, oceanographer</li>

<li>1921: Sir <a href="Thomas_Edward_Thorpe" title="Thomas Edward Thorpe">T. Edward Thorpe</a>, chemist</li>

<li>1922: Professor Sir <a href="Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Charles Scott Sherrington</a>, neuroscientist</li>

<li>1923: Professor Sir <a href="Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a>, physicist</li>

<li>1924: Major-General Sir <a href="David_Bruce_(microbiologist)" title="David Bruce (microbiologist)">David Bruce</a>, microbiologist</li>

<li>1925: Sir <a href="Horace_Lamb" title="Horace Lamb">Horace Lamb</a>, physicist</li>

<li>1926: <a href="Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward, Prince of Wales</a></li>

<li>1927: Prof Sir <a href="Arthur_Keith" title="Arthur Keith">Arthur Keith</a>, anatomist and anthropologist</li>

<li>1928: Sir <a href="William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">William Henry Bragg</a>, physicist</li>

<li>1929: Sir <a href="Thomas_Henry_Holland" title="Thomas Henry Holland">Thomas Henry Holland</a>, geologist</li>

<li>1930: <a href="Frederick_Orpen_Bower" title="Frederick Orpen Bower">Frederick Orpen Bower</a>, botanist</li>

<li>1931: General <a href="Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Christiaan Smuts</a> FRS</li>

<li>1932: Sir <a href="James_Alfred_Ewing" class="mw-redirect" title="James Alfred Ewing">James Alfred Ewing</a>, physicist and vice-chancellor from 1916 to 1929 of the University of Edinburgh</li>

<li>1933: Sir <a href="Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Frederick Gowland Hopkins</a>, <a href="Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize</a> winning (1929) biochemist who discovered vitamins</li>

<li>1934: Sir <a href="James_Hopwood_Jeans" class="mw-redirect" title="James Hopwood Jeans">James Hopwood Jeans</a>, astronomer</li>

<li>1935: <a href="William_Whitehead_Watts" title="William Whitehead Watts">William Whitehead Watts</a>, geologist</li>

<li>1936: <a href="Josiah_Stamp%2C_1st_Baron_Stamp" title="Josiah Stamp, 1st Baron Stamp">Josiah Stamp, 1st Baron Stamp</a>, statistician</li>

<li>1937: Sir <a href="Edward_Bagnall_Poulton" title="Edward Bagnall Poulton">Edward Bagnall Poulton</a>, evolutionary biologist</li>

<li>1938: <a href="Robert_Strutt%2C_4th_Baron_Rayleigh" title="Robert Strutt, 4th Baron Rayleigh">Robert Strutt, 4th Baron Rayleigh</a>, physicist and son of Nobel Prize–winning <a href="John_William_Strutt%2C_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh</a></li>

<li>1939–1946: Sir <a href="Albert_Seward" title="Albert Seward">Albert Seward</a>, geologist</li>

<li>1946–1947: Sir <a href="Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Henry Dale</a>, physiologist</li>

<li>1947–48: Sir <a href="Henry_Tizard" title="Henry Tizard">Henry Tizard</a>, chemist and inventor</li>

<li>1948–49: Sir <a href="E._John_Russell" title="E. John Russell">E. John Russell</a>, agriculturalist</li>

<li>1949–50: Sir <a href="Harold_B._Hartley" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold B. Hartley">Harold Hartley</a>, physical chemist</li></ul>

</div></div>

<div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsible-leftside-toggle mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Presidents 1950–1999</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="">

<ul><li>1950–51: <a href="Prince_Philip%2C_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh</a></li>

<li>1951–52: <a href="Archibald_Hill" title="Archibald Hill">Archibald Vivian Hill</a>, physiologist</li>

<li>1952–53: Sir <a href="Edward_Victor_Appleton" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Edward Victor Appleton</a>, <a href="Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize</a> winning (1947) physicist</li>

<li>1953–54: <a href="Edgar_Adrian%2C_1st_Baron_Adrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian">Edgar Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian</a>, neuroscientist</li>

<li>1954–55: Sir <a href="Robert_Robinson_(organic_chemist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Robinson (organic chemist)">Robert Robinson</a>, chemist</li>

<li>1955–56: Sir <a href="Raymond_Priestley" title="Raymond Priestley">Raymond Priestley</a>, geologist and vice-chancellor from 1938 to 1952 of the <a href="University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a></li>

<li>1956–57: <a href="Patrick_Blackett%2C_Baron_Blackett" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett">Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett</a>, physicist</li>

<li>1957–58: <a href="Alexander_Fleck%2C_1st_Baron_Fleck" title="Alexander Fleck, 1st Baron Fleck">Alexander Fleck, 1st Baron Fleck</a>, industrial chemist</li>

<li>1958–59: Sir <a href="James_Gray_(zoologist)" title="James Gray (zoologist)">James Gray</a>, zoologist</li>

<li>1959–60: Sir <a href="George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">George Paget Thomson</a>, physicist</li>

<li>1960–61: Sir <a href="Wilfrid_Le_Gros_Clark" title="Wilfrid Le Gros Clark">Wilfrid Le Gros Clark</a>, primatologist and palaeoanthropologist</li>

<li>1961–62: Sir <a href="John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">John Cockcroft</a> CBE, <a href="Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize</a> winning (1951) physicist</li>

<li>1962–63: <a href="Eric_Ashby%2C_Baron_Ashby" title="Eric Ashby, Baron Ashby">Eric Ashby, Baron Ashby</a>, <a href="List_of_Vice-Chancellors_of_Queen's_University_Belfast" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Vice-Chancellors of Queen's University Belfast">llVice-chancellor</a> from 1950 to 1959 of <a href="Queen's_University_Belfast" title="Queen's University Belfast">Queen's University Belfast</a></li>

<li>1963–64: <a href="Russell_Brain%2C_1st_Baron_Brain" title="Russell Brain, 1st Baron Brain">Russell Brain, 1st Baron Brain</a>, neurologist</li>

<li>1964–65: Sir <a href="Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyril Norman Hinshelwood">Cyril Norman Hinshelwood</a>, <a href="Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize</a> winning (1956) chemist</li>

<li>1965–66: Sir <a href="Joseph_Hutchinson" title="Joseph Hutchinson">Joseph Hutchinson</a>, biologist</li>

<li>1966–67: <a href="Willis_Jackson%2C_Baron_Jackson_of_Burnley" title="Willis Jackson, Baron Jackson of Burnley">Willis Jackson, Baron Jackson of Burnley</a>, technologist and electrical engineer</li>

<li>1967–68: Dame <a href="Kathleen_Lonsdale" title="Kathleen Lonsdale">Kathleen Lonsdale</a>, physicist who discovered the cyclic nature of <a href="Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a> in 1929</li>

<li>1968–69: Sir <a href="Peter_Medawar" title="Peter Medawar">Peter Medawar</a>, zoologist and immunologist</li>

<li>1969–70: <a href="Alexander_R._Todd%2C_Baron_Todd" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander R. Todd, Baron Todd">Alexander R. Todd, Baron Todd</a>, <a href="Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize</a> winning (1957) biochemist known for <a href="Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">nucleotides</a> and <a href="Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">coenzymes</a></li>

<li>1970–71: Sir <a href="Alexander_Cairncross_(economist)" title="Alexander Cairncross (economist)">Alexander Cairncross</a>, economist</li>

<li>1971–72: Sir <a href="Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">Vivian Fuchs</a> FRS, explorer</li>

<li>1972–73: Sir <a href="Kingsley_Charles_Dunham" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingsley Charles Dunham">Kingsley Charles Dunham</a>, geologist and mineralogist</li>

<li>1973–74: Sir <a href="John_Kendrew" title="John Kendrew">John Kendrew</a> CBE, <a href="Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize</a> winning (1962) biochemist who discovered the structure of <a href="Myoglobin" title="Myoglobin">myoglobin</a></li>

<li>1974–75: Sir <a href="Bernard_Lovell" title="Bernard Lovell">Bernard Lovell</a>, astronomer</li>

<li>1975–76: <a href="John_Baker%2C_Baron_Baker" title="John Baker, Baron Baker">John Baker, Baron Baker</a> OBE, structural engineer known for <a href="Limit_state_design" title="Limit state design">limit state design</a></li>

<li>1976–77: Sir <a href="Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Andrew Huxley</a>, <a href="Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize</a> winning (1963) physiologist, known for discovering nerve <a href="Action_potential" title="Action potential">action potentials</a></li>

<li>1977–78: Prof <a href="Dorothy_Hodgkin" title="Dorothy Hodgkin">Dorothy Hodgkin</a>, <a href="Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize</a> winning (1964) chemist</li>

<li>1978–79: <a href="Frank_Kearton%2C_Baron_Kearton" title="Frank Kearton, Baron Kearton">Frank Kearton, Baron Kearton</a> OBE,</li>

<li>1979–80: <a href="Frederick_Dainton%2C_Baron_Dainton" title="Frederick Dainton, Baron Dainton">Frederick Dainton, Baron Dainton</a></li>

<li>1981–82: Prof Sir <a href="Charles_Frederick_Carter" title="Charles Frederick Carter">Charles Frederick Carter</a>, economist</li>

<li>1982–83: Sir <a href="Basil_John_Mason" class="mw-redirect" title="Basil John Mason">Basil John Mason</a> CB, general from 1965 to 1983 of the Met Office</li>

<li>1983–84: Sir <a href="Alastair_Pilkington" title="Alastair Pilkington">Alastair Pilkington</a>, inventor</li>

<li>1984–85: Prof Sir <a href="Hans_Kornberg" title="Hans Kornberg">Hans Kornberg</a>, biochemist</li>

<li>1985–86: Prof <a href="George_Porter" title="George Porter">George Porter, Baron Porter of Luddenham</a>, <a href="Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize</a> winning (1967) chemist</li>

<li>1986–87 Sir Kenneth Durham, Chairman from 1982 to 1986 of <a href="Unilever" title="Unilever">Unilever</a></li>

<li>1987–88: Sir <a href="Walter_Bodmer" title="Walter Bodmer">Walter Bodmer</a>, geneticist</li>

<li>1988–89: Sir <a href="Sam_Edwards_(physicist)" title="Sam Edwards (physicist)">Samuel Edwards</a>, physicist</li>

<li>1989–90: <a href="Claus_Moser%2C_Baron_Moser" title="Claus Moser, Baron Moser">Claus Moser, Baron Moser</a>, director from 1967 to 1978 of the <a href="Central_Statistical_Office_(United_Kingdom)" title="Central Statistical Office (United Kingdom)">Central Statistical Office</a></li>

<li>1990–91: Sir <a href="Denis_Rooke" title="Denis Rooke">Denis Rooke</a></li>

<li>1991–92 Sir <a href="David_Attenborough" title="David Attenborough">David Attenborough</a></li>

<li>1992–93: Sir <a href="David_Weatherall" title="David Weatherall">David Weatherall</a>, <a href="Hematology" title="Hematology">haemotologist</a></li>

<li>1993–94: Dame <a href="Anne_McLaren" title="Anne McLaren">Anne McLaren</a>, IVF biologist</li>

<li>1994–95: Sir <a href="Martin_Rees%2C_Baron_Rees_of_Ludlow" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Rees, Baron Rees of Ludlow">Martin Rees, Baron Rees of Ludlow</a> FRS, astrophysicist</li>

<li>1995–96: <a href="Ronald_Oxburgh%2C_Baron_Oxburgh" title="Ronald Oxburgh, Baron Oxburgh">Ronald Oxburgh, Baron Oxburgh</a>, geologist and <a href="Rector_of_Imperial_College_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Rector of Imperial College London">Rector of Imperial College London</a> from 1993 to 2000</li>

<li>1996–97: Sir <a href="Derek_Roberts" title="Derek Roberts">Derek Roberts</a> CBE, electronics engineer, and Provost of <a href="University_College_London" title="University College London">UCL</a> from 1989 to 1999</li>

<li>1997–98 Prof <a href="Colin_Blakemore" title="Colin Blakemore">Colin Blakemore</a>, <a href="Neuroscientist" title="Neuroscientist">neuroscientist</a></li>

<li>1998–99: Sir <a href="Richard_Sykes_(biochemist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Sykes (biochemist)">Richard Sykes</a>, biochemist and chief executive from 1993 to 1997 of <a href="GlaxoSmithKline" class="mw-redirect" title="GlaxoSmithKline">Glaxo</a></li>

<li>1999–2000: <a href="Anne%2C_Princess_Royal" title="Anne, Princess Royal">Anne, Princess Royal</a></li></ul>

</div></div>

<div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsible-leftside-toggle mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Presidents 2000–2009</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="">

<ul><li>2000–01: Sir <a href="William_Stewart_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Stewart (scientist)">William Stewart</a>, <a href="Government_Chief_Scientific_Adviser" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Chief Scientific Adviser">Government Chief Scientific Adviser</a> from 1990 to 1995</li>

<li>2001–02: Sir <a href="Howard_Newby" title="Howard Newby">Howard Newby</a>, sociologist</li>

<li>2002–03: Sir <a href="Peter_Williams_(physicist)" title="Peter Williams (physicist)">Peter Williams</a> CBE, physicist</li>

<li>2003–04: Dame <a href="Julia_Higgins" title="Julia Higgins">Julia Higgins</a></li>

<li>2004–05: Prof <a href="Robert_Winston" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Winston">Robert Winston, Lord Winston of Hammersmith</a></li>

<li>2005–06: <a href="Frances_Cairncross" title="Frances Cairncross">Frances Cairncross</a> CBE, economist</li>

<li>2006–07: <a href="John_Browne%2C_Baron_Browne_of_Madingley" title="John Browne, Baron Browne of Madingley">John Browne, Lord Browne of Madingley</a></li>

<li>2007–08: Sir <a href="David_King_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="David King (scientist)">David King</a>, <a href="Government_Chief_Scientific_Adviser" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Chief Scientific Adviser">Government Chief Scientific Adviser</a> from 2000 to 2008</li>

<li>2009–10: <a href="Robert_May%2C_Baron_May_of_Oxford" title="Robert May, Baron May of Oxford">Robert May, Baron May of Oxford</a></li></ul>

</div></div>

<div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsible-leftside-toggle" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Presidents 2010–2019</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="">

<ul><li>2010–11: <a href="David_Sainsbury%2C_Lord_Sainsbury_of_Turville" class="mw-redirect" title="David Sainsbury, Lord Sainsbury of Turville">David Sainsbury, Lord Sainsbury of Turville</a></li>

<li>2011–12: Professor Dame <a href="Jocelyn_Bell_Burnell" title="Jocelyn Bell Burnell">Jocelyn Bell Burnell</a> FRS, FRSE</li>

<li>2012–13: <a href="John_Krebs%2C_Baron_Krebs" title="John Krebs, Baron Krebs">John Krebs, Baron Krebs</a> FRS</li>

<li>2013–14: <a href="Lisa_Jardine" title="Lisa Jardine">Lisa Jardine</a> CBE, historian</li>

<li>2014–15: Sir <a href="Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Paul Nurse</a> FRS, <a href="List_of_presidents_of_the_Royal_Society" title="List of presidents of the Royal Society">President</a> from 2010 to 2015 of the Royal Society, and joint winner of the 2001 <a href="Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> (for work on <a href="Cell_cycle" title="Cell cycle">cell cycle</a> division)</li>

<li>2015–16 Dame <a href="Athene_Donald" title="Athene Donald">Athene Donald</a> FRS, physicist and master since 2014 of <a href="Churchill_College%2C_Cambridge" title="Churchill College, Cambridge">Churchill College, Cambridge</a></li>

<li>2016–17: Dame <a href="Nancy_Rothwell" title="Nancy Rothwell">Nancy Rothwell</a> DBE DL FRS FMedSci FBPhS, physiologist and president and vice-chancellor of the <a href="University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a></li>

<li>2017–18: Dame <a href="Uta_Frith" title="Uta Frith">Uta Frith</a> FRS, <a href="Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">developmental psychologist</a></li>

<li>2018–19: Professor <a href="Jim_Al-Khalili" title="Jim Al-Khalili">Jim Al-Khalili</a> FRS, physicist and broadcaster</li>

<li>2019–20: Professor <a href="Alice_Roberts" title="Alice Roberts">Alice Roberts</a> anatomist and broadcaster</li></ul>

</div></div>

<div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsible-leftside-toggle" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Presidents 2020–2029</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="">

<ul><li>2020–21: <a href="Ara_Darzi%2C_Baron_Darzi_of_Denham" title="Ara Darzi, Baron Darzi of Denham">Ara Darzi, Baron Darzi of Denham</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></li>

<li>2021–22: <a href="Maggie_Aderin-Pocock" title="Maggie Aderin-Pocock">Maggie Aderin-Pocock</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></li>

<li>2022–23: <a href="Anne-Marie_Imafidon" title="Anne-Marie Imafidon">Anne-Marie Imafidon</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></li>

<li>2023–24: Professor Dame <a href="Jane_Francis" title="Jane Francis">Jane Francis</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></li>

<li>2024–25: Professor <a href="Kevin_Fenton" title="Kevin Fenton">Kevin Fenton</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></li></ul>

</div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_annual_meetings">List of annual meetings</h2></div>

<ul><li>1831 (1st meeting) <a href="York" title="York">York</a>, England.</li>

<li>1832 (2nd meeting) <a href="Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, England.</li></ul>

<div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsible-leftside-toggle mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Meetings from 1833 to 2012</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="">

<ul><li>1833 (3rd meeting) <a href="Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></li>

<li>1834 (4th meeting) <a href="Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></li>

<li>1835 (5th meeting) Dublin, Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-21st_meeting-54">[54]</a></li>

<li>1836 (6th meeting) <a href="Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></li>

<li>1837 (7th meeting) <a href="Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></li>

<li>1838 (8th meeting) <a href="Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></li>

<li>1839 (9th meeting) <a href="Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></li>

<li>1840 (10th meeting) <a href="Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></li>

<li>1841 (11th meeting) <a href="Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></li>

<li>1842 (12th meeting) <a href="Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></li>

<li>1843 (13th meeting) <a href="Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a>, Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></li>

<li>1844 (14th meeting) <a href="York" title="York">York</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></li>

<li>1845 (15th meeting) <a href="Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></li>

<li>1846 (16th meeting) <a href="Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a>, England.</li>

<li>1847 (17th meeting) <a href="Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, England.</li>

<li>1848 (18th meeting) <a href="Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a>, Wales.</li>

<li>1849 (19th meeting) <a href="Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, England.</li>

<li>1850 (20th meeting) <a href="Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, Scotland.</li>

<li>1851 (21st meeting) <a href="Ipswich" title="Ipswich">Ipswich</a>, England.</li>

<li>1852 (22nd meeting) <a href="Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>, Northern Ireland.</li>

<li>1853 (23rd meeting) <a href="Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a>, England.</li>

<li>1854 (24th meeting) <a href="Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, England.</li>

<li>1855 (25th meeting) <a href="Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, Scotland.</li>

<li>1856 (26th meeting) <a href="Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham">Cheltenham</a>, England.</li>

<li>1857 (27th meeting) <a href="Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, Ireland.</li>

<li>1858 (28th meeting) <a href="Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>, England.</li>

<li>1859 (29th meeting) <a href="Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a>, Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></li>

<li>1860 (30th meeting) <a href="Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></li>

<li>1861 (31st meeting) <a href="Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></li>

<li>1862 (32nd meeting) <a href="Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></li>

<li>1863 (33rd meeting) <a href="Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></li>

<li>1864 (34th meeting) <a href="Bath%2C_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></li>

<li>1865 (35th meeting) <a href="Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></li>

<li>1866 (36th meeting) <a href="Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></li>

<li>1867 (37th meeting) <a href="Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a>, Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></li>

<li>1868 (38th meeting) <a href="Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></li>

<li>1869 (39th meeting) <a href="Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></li>

<li>1870 (40th meeting) <a href="Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></li>

<li>1871 (41st meeting) <a href="Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></li>

<li>1872 (42nd meeting) <a href="Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></li>

<li>1873 (43rd meeting) <a href="Bradford" title="Bradford">Bradford</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></li>

<li>1874 (44th meeting) <a href="Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>, Northern Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></li>

<li>1875 (45th meeting) <a href="Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></li>

<li>1876 (46th meeting) <a href="Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></li>

<li>1877 (47th meeting) <a href="Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></li>

<li>1878 (48th meeting) <a href="Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></li>

<li>1879 (49th meeting) <a href="Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></li>

<li>1880 (50th meeting) <a href="Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a>, Wales.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></li>

<li>1881 (51st meeting) <a href="York" title="York">York</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></li>

<li>1882 (52nd meeting) <a href="Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></li>

<li>1883 (53rd meeting) <a href="Southport" title="Southport">Southport</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></li>

<li>1884 (54th meeting) <a href="Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal, Quebec</a>, Canada.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></li>

<li>1885 (55th meeting) <a href="Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a>, Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></li>

<li>1886 (56th meeting) <a href="Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></li>

<li>1887 (57th meeting) <a href="Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></li>

<li>1888 (58th meeting) <a href="Bath%2C_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></li>

<li>1889 (59th meeting) <a href="Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></li>

<li>1890 (60th meeting) <a href="Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></li>

<li>1891 (61st meeting) <a href="Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>, Wales.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></li>

<li>1892 (62nd meeting) <a href="Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></li>

<li>1893 (63rd meeting) <a href="Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></li>

<li>1894 (64th meeting) <a href="Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></li>

<li>1895 (65th meeting) <a href="Ipswich" title="Ipswich">Ipswich</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></li>

<li>1896 (66th meeting) <a href="Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></li>

<li>1897 (67th meeting) <a href="Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto, Ontario</a>, Canada.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></li>

<li>1898 (68th meeting) <a href="Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></li>

<li>1899 (69th meeting) <a href="Dover" title="Dover">Dover</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></li>

<li>1900 (70th meeting) <a href="Bradford" title="Bradford">Bradford</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></li>

<li>1901 (71st meeting) <a href="Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></li>

<li>1902 (72nd meeting) <a href="Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>, Northern Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></li>

<li>1903 (73rd meeting) <a href="Southport" title="Southport">Southport</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></li>

<li>1904 (74th meeting) <a href="Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, England.</li>

<li>1905 (75th meeting) Various, South Africa.</li>

<li>1906 (76th meeting) <a href="York" title="York">York</a>, England.</li>

<li>1907 (77th meeting) <a href="Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a>, England.</li>

<li>1908 (78th meeting) <a href="Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, Ireland.</li>

<li>1909 (79th meeting) <a href="Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg, Manitoba</a>, Canada.</li>

<li>1910 (80th meeting) <a href="Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, England.</li>

<li>1911 (81st meeting) <a href="Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a>, England.</li>

<li>1912 (82nd meeting) <a href="Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a>, Scotland.</li>

<li>1913 (83rd meeting) <a href="Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, England.</li>

<li>1914 (84th meeting) Various, Australia.</li>

<li>1915 (85th meeting) <a href="Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, England.</li>

<li>1916 (86th meeting) <a href="Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a>, England.</li>

<li>1917 No meeting</li>

<li>1918 No meeting</li>

<li>1919 (87th meeting) <a href="Bournemouth" title="Bournemouth">Bournemouth</a>, England.</li>

<li>1920 (88th meeting) <a href="Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>, Wales.</li>

<li>1921 (89th meeting) <a href="Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, Scotland.</li>

<li>1922 (90th meeting) <a href="Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a>, England.</li>

<li>1923 (91st meeting) <a href="Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, England.</li>

<li>1924 (92nd meeting) <a href="Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto, Ontario</a>, Canada.</li>

<li>1925 (93rd meeting) <a href="Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a>, England.</li>

<li>1926 (94th meeting) <a href="Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, England.</li>

<li>1927 (95th meeting) <a href="Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>, England.</li>

<li>1928 (96th meeting) <a href="Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, Scotland.</li>

<li>1929 (97th meeting) Various, South Africa.</li>

<li>1930 (98th meeting) <a href="Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, England.</li>

<li>1931 (99th meeting) London, England.</li>

<li>1932 (100th meeting) <a href="York" title="York">York</a>, England.</li>

<li>1933 (101st meeting) <a href="Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a>, England.</li>

<li>1934 (102nd meeting) <a href="Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a>, Scotland.</li>

<li>1935 (103rd meeting) <a href="Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a>, England.</li>

<li>1936 (104th meeting) <a href="Blackpool" title="Blackpool">Blackpool</a>, England.</li>

<li>1937 (105th meeting) <a href="Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a>, England.</li>

<li>1938 (106th meeting) <a href="Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, England.</li>

<li>1939 (107th meeting) <a href="Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a>, Scotland.</li>

<li>1940 No meeting</li>

<li>1941 No meeting</li>

<li>1942 No meeting</li>

<li>1943 No meeting</li>

<li>1944 No meeting</li>

<li>1945 No meeting</li>

<li>1946 No full meeting (An abbreviated one-day meeting was held in London on 20 July 1946; Sir Henry Dale was elected the new president.)<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></li>

<li>1947 (109th meeting) <a href="Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a>, Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a></li>

<li>1948 (110th meeting) <a href="Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></li>

<li>1949 (111th meeting) <a href="Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a>, England.</li>

<li>1950 (112th meeting) <a href="Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, England.</li>

<li>1951 (113th meeting) <a href="Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, Scotland.</li>

<li>1952 (114th meeting) <a href="Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>, Northern Ireland.</li>

<li>1953 (115th meeting) <a href="Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, England.</li>

<li>1954 (116th meeting) <a href="Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, England.</li>

<li>1955 (117th meeting) <a href="Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a></li>

<li>1956 (118th meeting) <a href="Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, England.</li>

<li>1957 (119th meeting) <a href="Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, Ireland.</li>

<li>1958 (120th meeting) <a href="Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, Scotland.</li>

<li>1959 (121st meeting) <a href="York" title="York">York</a>, England.</li>

<li>1960 (122nd meeting) <a href="Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>, England.</li>

<li>1961 (123rd meeting) <a href="Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a>, England.</li>

<li>1962 (124th meeting) <a href="Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, England.</li>

<li>1963 (125th meeting) <a href="Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a>, Scotland.</li>

<li>1964 (126th meeting) <a href="Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a>, England.</li>

<li>1965 (127th meeting) <a href="Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, England.</li>

<li>1966 (128th meeting) <a href="Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a>, England.</li>

<li>1967 (129th meeting) <a href="Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>, England.</li>

<li>1968 (130th meeting) <a href="Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a>, Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></li>

<li>1969 (131st meeting) <a href="Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a></li>

<li>1970 (132nd meeting) <a href="Durham%2C_England" title="Durham, England">Durham</a>, England.</li>

<li>1971 (133rd meeting) <a href="Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a>, Wales.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></li>

<li>1972 (134th meeting) <a href="Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a>, England.</li>

<li>1973 (135th meeting) <a href="Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a>, England.</li>

<li>1974 (136th meeting) <a href="Stirling" title="Stirling">Stirling</a>, Scotland.</li>

<li>1975 (137th meeting) <a href="Guildford" title="Guildford">Guildford</a>, England.</li>

<li>1976 (138th meeting) <a href="Lancaster%2C_Lancashire" title="Lancaster, Lancashire">Lancaster</a>, England.</li>

<li>1977 (139th meeting) <a href="Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, England.</li>

<li>1978 (140th meeting) <a href="Bath%2C_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a>, England.</li>

<li>1979 (141st meeting) <a href="Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a></li>

<li>1980 (142nd meeting) <a href="Salford%2C_Greater_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Salford, Greater Manchester">Salford</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a></li>

<li>1981 (143rd meeting) <a href="York" title="York">York</a>, England.</li>

<li>1982 (144th meeting) <a href="Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, England.</li>

<li>1983 (145th meeting) <a href="Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a>, England.</li>

<li>1984 (146th meeting) <a href="Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a>, England.</li>

<li>1985 (147th meeting) <a href="Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, Scotland.</li>

<li>1986 (148th meeting) <a href="Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, England.</li>

<li>1987 (149th meeting) <a href="Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>, Northern Ireland.</li>

<li>1988 (150th meeting) <a href="Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, England.</li>

<li>1989 (151st meeting) <a href="Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, England.</li>

<li>1990 (151st meeting) <a href="Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a>, Wales.</li>

<li>1991 (152nd meeting) <a href="Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a>, England.</li>

<li>1992 (153rd meeting) <a href="Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a>, England.</li>

<li>1993 (154th meeting) <a href="Keele" title="Keele">Keele</a>, England.</li>

<li>1994 (155th meeting) <a href="Loughborough" title="Loughborough">Loughborough</a>, England.</li>

<li>1995 (156th meeting) <a href="Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a>, England.</li>

<li>1996 (157th meeting) <a href="Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, England.</li>

<li>1997 (158th meeting) <a href="Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>, England.</li>

<li>1998 (159th meeting) <a href="Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>, Wales.</li>

<li>1999 (160th meeting) <a href="Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, England.</li>

<li>2000 (161st meeting) London, England.</li>

<li>2001 (162nd meeting) <a href="Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, Scotland.</li>

<li>2002 (163rd meeting) <a href="Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a>, England.</li>

<li>2003 (164th meeting) <a href="Salford%2C_Greater_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Salford, Greater Manchester">Salford</a>, England.</li>

<li>2004 (165th meeting) <a href="Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a>, England.</li>

<li>2005 (166th meeting) <a href="Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, Ireland.</li>

<li>2006 (167th meeting) <a href="Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a>, England.</li>

<li>2007 (168th meeting) <a href="York" title="York">York</a>, England.</li>

<li>2008 (169th meeting) <a href="Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, England.</li>

<li>2009 (170th meeting) <a href="Guildford" title="Guildford">Guildford</a>, England.</li>

<li>2010 (171st meeting) <a href="Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, England.</li>

<li>2011 (172nd meeting) <a href="Bradford" title="Bradford">Bradford</a>, England.</li>

<li>2012 (173rd meeting) <a href="Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a>, Scotland.</li></ul>

</div></div>

<ul><li>2013 (174th meeting) <a href="Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a>, England.</li>

<li>2014 (175th meeting) <a href="Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, England.</li>

<li>2015 (176th meeting) <a href="Bradford" title="Bradford">Bradford</a>, England</li>

<li>2016 (177th meeting) <a href="Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a>, Wales</li>

<li>2017 (178th meeting) <a href="Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a>, England</li>

<li>2018 (179th meeting) <a href="Hull%2C_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Hull, England">Hull, England</a></li>

<li>2019 (180th meeting) <a href="Coventry%2C_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Coventry, England">Coventry, England</a></li>

<li>2020 No meeting due to the COVID pandemic</li>

<li>2021 (181st meeting) <a href="Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a>, Essex, England</li>

<li>2022 (182nd meeting) <a href="Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a>, England</li>

<li>2023 (183rd meeting) <a href="Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a>, England</li>

<li>2024 (184th meeting) <a href="East_London" title="East London">East London</a>, England</li>

<li>2025 (185th meeting) <a href="Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, England</li>

<li>2026 (186th meeting) <a href="Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a>, England</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2></div>

The organisation is administered from the Wellcome Wolfson Building at the <a href="Science_Museum%2C_London" title="Science Museum, London">Science Museum, London</a> in <a href="South_Kensington" title="South Kensington">South Kensington</a> in <a href="Royal_Borough_of_Kensington_and_Chelsea" title="Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea">Kensington and Chelsea</a>, within a few feet of the northern boundary with the <a href="City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">City of Westminster</a> (in which most of the neighbouring <a href="Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</a> is resident).

<ul><li><a href="1860_Oxford_evolution_debate" title="1860 Oxford evolution debate">1860 Oxford evolution debate</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a></li>

<li><a href="Association_of_British_Science_Writers" title="Association of British Science Writers">Association of British Science Writers</a></li>

<li><a href="Caf%C3%A9_Scientifique" title="Café Scientifique">Café Scientifique</a></li>

<li><a href="EuroScience" title="EuroScience">EuroScience</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_astronomy" title="Glossary of astronomy">Glossary of astronomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_biology" title="Glossary of biology">Glossary of biology</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_chemistry_terms" title="Glossary of chemistry terms">Glossary of chemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_engineering" title="Glossary of engineering">Glossary of engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_physics" title="Glossary of physics">Glossary of physics</a></li>

<li><a href="Guildhall_Lectures" title="Guildhall Lectures">Guildhall Lectures</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Science_Week" class="mw-redirect" title="National Science Week">National Science Week</a></li>

<li><a href="Royal_Institution" title="Royal Institution">Royal Institution</a></li>

<li><a href="Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a></li>

<li><a href="Scandinavian_Scientist_Conference" title="Scandinavian Scientist Conference">Scandinavian Scientist Conference</a> (1839–1936)</li>

<li><a href="Science_Abstracts" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Abstracts">Science Abstracts</a></li>

<li><a href="Science_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Festival">Science Festival</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishscienceassociation.org/Pages/Category/about">"About Us"</a>. British Science Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160125013401/http://www.britishscienceassociation.org/Pages/Category/about">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-charities-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-charities_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-charities_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-charities_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-charities_2-3">d</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.charitycommission.gov.uk/Showcharity/RegisterOfCharities/FinancialHistory.aspx?RegisteredCharityNumber=212479&SubsidiaryNumber=0">"Financial history – 212479 – BRITISH ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE"</a>. www.charitycommission.gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171230082429/http://apps.charitycommission.gov.uk/Showcharity/RegisterOfCharities/FinancialHistory.aspx?RegisteredCharityNumber=212479&SubsidiaryNumber=0">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20126936.700-comment-why-turning-out-brilliant-scientists-isn't-enough.html">Robert Winston, New Scientist, 3 February 2009</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishscienceassociation.org/Pages/Category/our-work">"Our work"</a>. British Science Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412214303/https://www.britishscienceassociation.org/pages/category/our-work">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-British_Science_Association-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-British_Science_Association_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-British_Science_Association_5-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sciencemarch.eu/index.php/about-mnu-uk/partners-mnu-uk/partners-bsa-mnu-uk">"British Science Association"</a>. sciencemarch.eu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190419192921/https://sciencemarch.eu/index.php/about-mnu-uk/partners-mnu-uk/partners-bsa-mnu-uk">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Our_organisation-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Our_organisation_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Our_organisation_6-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishscienceassociation.org/our-organisation">"Our organisation"</a>. British Science Association. 10 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412214200/https://www.britishscienceassociation.org/our-organisation">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFJames,_Frank_A.J.L.2013" class="citation book cs1">James, Frank A.J.L. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fjhdAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA106">"British Association for the Advancement of Science"</a>. In Hessenbruch, Arne (ed.). Reader's Guide to the History of Science. Routledge. pp. 106–107. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781134262946</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> The German organisation was founded in 1822.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishscienceassociation.org/history">"Our history"</a>. British Science Association. 12 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201023214845/https://www.britishscienceassociation.org/history">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> David Knight, 'Johnston, James Finlay Weir (1796–1855)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Caledonian Mercury, 6 October 1831.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Preston Chronicle, 8 October 1831.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Jackson's Oxford Journal, 23 June 1832.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:2-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFBritish_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science.Science1831–1832" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">British Association for the Advancement of Science.; Science, British Association for the Advancement of (1831–1832). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/252857">Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science</a>. Vol. 1st & 2nd Meeting (1831-1832). London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412154909/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/252857">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBritish_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science.Science1851" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">British Association for the Advancement of Science.; Science, British Association for the Advancement of (1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/49150">Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science</a>. Vol. 21st Meeting (1851). London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412154913/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/49150">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2019.</cite><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBritish_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science.Science1857" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">British Association for the Advancement of Science.; Science, British Association for the Advancement of (1857). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/46630">Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science</a>. Vol. 27th Meeting (1857). London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412153847/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/46630">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2019.</cite><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

</li>

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<li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fenews.co.uk/skills/imperial-alumnus-announced-as-president-of-the-british-science-association/">"Imperial alumnus announced as President of the British Science Association"</a>. FE News. 31 August 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230309183707/https://www.fenews.co.uk/skills/imperial-alumnus-announced-as-president-of-the-british-science-association/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2023. Retrieved 9 March 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishscienceassociation.org/news/dr-anne-marie-imafidon-announced-as-president-elect">"Dr Anne-Marie Imafidon announced as President-Elect"</a>. British Science Association. 20 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328014226/https://www.britishscienceassociation.org/news/dr-anne-marie-imafidon-announced-as-president-elect">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 9 March 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishscienceassociation.org/News/professor-dame-jane-francis-announced-president-elect-british-science-association">"Professor Dame Jane Francis announced as President-Elect of British Science Association"</a>. British Science Association. 13 July 2023. Retrieved 28 September 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishscienceassociation.org/News/professor-kevin-fenton-cbe-announced-as-president-elect-of-british-science-association">"Professor Kevin Fenton CBE announced as President-Elect of British Science Association"</a>. British Science Association. 2 August 2024. Retrieved 28 September 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/104190">"3rd meeting"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108105637/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/104190">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/46627">"4th meeting"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108110036/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/46627">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/46626">"6th meeting"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108110026/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/46626">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/46624">"7th meeting"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140312203145/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/46624">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/46625">"8th meeting"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108110408/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/46625">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/110067">"9th meeting"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108105539/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/110067">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/46632">"10th meeting"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230221202720/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/46632">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/104191">"11th meeting"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130415023731/http://biodiversitylibrary.org/item/104191">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/46628">"12th meeting"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140306024253/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/46628">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/46634">"13th meeting"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200605004957/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/46634">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/47344">"14th meeting"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108111312/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/47344">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/46638">"15th meeting"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140312070351/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/46638">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/96146">29th meeting</a>. Vol. 29. 1860. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210619080331/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/96146">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/92538">30th meeting</a>. Vol. 30. 1861. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108104526/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/92538">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93052">31st meeting</a>. Vol. 31. 1862. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108105352/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93052">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93054">32nd meeting</a>. Vol. 32. 1863. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130926114145/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93054">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93073">33rd meeting</a>. Vol. 33. 1864. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108111120/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93073">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93072">34th meeting</a>. Vol. 34. 1865. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108111111/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93072">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93098">35th meeting</a>. Vol. 35. 1866. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108111036/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93098">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93096">36th meeting</a>. Vol. 36. 1867. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108111050/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93096">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93115">37th meeting</a>. Vol. 37. 1868. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108105244/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93115">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93116">38th meeting</a>. Vol. 38. 1869. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140118061607/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93116">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93114">39th meeting</a>. Vol. 39. 1870. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108105236/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93114">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93095">40th meeting</a>. Vol. 40. 1871. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108111101/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93095">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93055">41st meeting</a>. Vol. 41. 1872. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108105401/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93055">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/94434">42nd meeting</a>. Vol. 42. 1873. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108105556/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/94434">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/94452">43rd meeting</a>. Vol. 43. 1874. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029232917/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/94452">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/94451">44th meeting</a>. Vol. 44. 1875. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108105527/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/94451">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/94481">45th meeting</a>. Vol. 45. 1876. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108110419/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/94481">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/94480">46th meeting</a>. Vol. 46. 1877. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108110428/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/94480">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/94483">47th meeting</a>. Vol. 47. 1878. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108110457/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/94483">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/94499">48th meeting</a>. Vol. 48. 1879. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108105727/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/94499">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/94485">49th meeting</a>. Vol. 49. 1879. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108110448/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/94485">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/94496">50th meeting</a>. Vol. 50. 1880. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108105719/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/94496">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/94448">51st meeting</a>. Vol. 51. 1882. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140506171536/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/94448">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/95237">52nd meeting</a>. Vol. 52. 1883. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200408140653/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/95237">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/92940">53rd meeting</a>. Vol. 53. 1884. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108111233/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/92940">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/85498">54th meeting</a>. Vol. 54. 1884. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130415032443/http://biodiversitylibrary.org/item/85498">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/92791">55th meeting</a>. Vol. 55. 1886. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108105214/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/92791">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/92792">56th meeting</a>. Vol. 56. 1887. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108105206/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/92792">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93429">57th meeting</a>. Vol. 57. 1888. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108111024/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93429">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93428">58th meeting</a>. Vol. 58. 1889. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108111009/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93428">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93442">59th meeting</a>. Vol. 59. 1890. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108110929/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93442">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93461">60th meeting</a>. Vol. 60. 1891. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108111131/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93461">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/95281">61st meeting</a>. Vol. 61. 1891. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108105343/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/95281">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/95446">62nd meeting</a>. Vol. 62. 1893. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108110605/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/95446">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/95445">63rd meeting</a>. Vol. 63. 1894. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108110551/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/95445">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/95243">64th meeting</a>. Vol. 64. 1894. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108105131/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/95243">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/95245">65th meeting</a>. Vol. 65. 1895. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108105121/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/95245">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/95247">66th meeting</a>. Vol. 66. 1896. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108105149/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/95247">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/95248">67th meeting</a>. Vol. 67. 1898. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108105140/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/95248">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/95459">68th meeting</a>. Vol. 68. 1899. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108110747/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/95459">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/95785">"69th meeting"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108110522/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/95785">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93245">"70th meeting"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108111221/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93245">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93257">"71st meeting"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108111147/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93257">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93735">"72nd meeting"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108105052/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93735">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93736">"73rd meeting"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108105020/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93736">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F157330d0">"British Association Meeting for 1946"</a>. Nature. 157 (3985): 330. 16 March 1946. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1946Natur.157T.330.">1946Natur.157T.330.</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F157330d0">10.1038/157330d0</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archiveshub.ac.uk/data/gb1187-sz/baas">"British Association for the Advancement of Science"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141010235423/http://archiveshub.ac.uk/data/gb1187-sz/baas">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121019111830/http://www.dur.ac.uk/anthropology.journal/vol13/iss2/sillitoe/sillitoe.html">"DAJ V13/2: The Role of Section H at the British Association for the Advancement of Science in the History of Anthropology"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dur.ac.uk/anthropology.journal/vol13/iss2/sillitoe/sillitoe.html">the original</a> on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forestry.oxfordjournals.org/content/27/2/134.full.pdf">"THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE, LIVERPOOL, 1953"</a> (PDF). Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Recent developments in electro-organic synthesis, Manuel M. Baizer, Naturwissenschaften August 1969, Volume 56, Issue 8, pp. 405–409.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMartin1970" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, J. W. (1970). "The British Association for the Advancement of Science: The Exeter Meeting". Journal of the Institute of Actuaries. 96 (3): 383–387. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020268100016620">10.1017/S0020268100016620</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41140126">41140126</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMcKelvey1973" class="citation journal cs1">McKelvey, K. Muir (1973). "The British Association for the Advancement of Science: Annual Meeting 1972, at Leicester". Journal of the Institute of Actuaries. 99 (1): 85–87. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020268100017091">10.1017/S0020268100017091</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41140253">41140253</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000245850">Energy in the balance : some papers from BA79 : papers given at the annual meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, 1979</a>. Ann Arbor Science Publishers. 1980. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780250403950</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150511102856/http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000245850">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130209181339/http://www.britishscienceassociation.org/sites/default/files/root/association/briggs.pdf">"The BA at the end of the 20th Century"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishscienceassociation.org/sites/default/files/root/association/briggs.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 February 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishscienceassociation.org">British Science Association</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180314074608/https://www.britishsciencefestival.org/">British Science Festival</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130603144736/http://www.britishscienceassociation.org/about-british-science-association/our-history">British Science Association: Our history</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/2276">Digitised Reports 1833–1937</a>, <a href="Biodiversity_Heritage_Library" title="Biodiversity Heritage Library">Biodiversity Heritage Library</a></li>

<li>Reports of the meetings 1877–90 are available on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr">Gallica</a></li>

<li>The <a href="University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> Archives and Record Management Services holds some papers of the British Association for the Advancement of Science.</li>

<li> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:British_Association" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:British Association">British Association</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_clips">Video clips</h3></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/BritAssoc">British Science Association YouTube channel</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom498" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Science and technology in the United Kingdom">Science and technology in the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">Economy of the United Kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">Official bodies and personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chief_Scientific_Adviser_to_the_Ministry_of_Defence" title="Chief Scientific Adviser to the Ministry of Defence">Chief Scientific Adviser to the Ministry of Defence</a></li>

<li><a href="Council_for_Science_and_Technology" title="Council for Science and Technology">Council for Science and Technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Defence_Science_and_Technology_Laboratory" title="Defence Science and Technology Laboratory">Defence Science and Technology Laboratory</a></li>

<li><a href="Department_for_Science%2C_Innovation_and_Technology" title="Department for Science, Innovation and Technology">Department for Science, Innovation and Technology</a>

<ul><li>Building Digital UK</li>

<li><a href="Intellectual_Property_Office_(United_Kingdom)" title="Intellectual Property Office (United Kingdom)">Intellectual Property Office</a></li>

<li><a href="Government_Office_for_Science" title="Government Office for Science">Government Office for Science</a></li>

<li><a href="Government_Chief_Scientific_Adviser" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Chief Scientific Adviser">Chief Scientific Adviser</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Technology_Advisor" title="National Technology Advisor">National Technology Advisor</a></li>

<li><a href="UK_Research_and_Innovation" title="UK Research and Innovation">UK Research and Innovation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Arts_and_Humanities_Research_Council" title="Arts and Humanities Research Council">Arts and Humanities Research Council</a></li>

<li><a href="Biotechnology_and_Biological_Sciences_Research_Council" title="Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council">Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council</a></li>

<li><a href="Economic_and_Social_Research_Council" title="Economic and Social Research Council">Economic and Social Research Council</a></li>

<li><a href="Innovate_UK" title="Innovate UK">Innovate UK</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineering_and_Physical_Sciences_Research_Council" title="Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council">Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council</a></li>

<li><a href="Medical_Research_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)">Medical Research Council</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural_Environment_Research_Council" title="Natural Environment Research Council">Natural Environment Research Council</a></li>

<li><a href="Research_England" title="Research England">Research England</a></li>

<li><a href="Science_and_Technology_Facilities_Council" title="Science and Technology Facilities Council">Science and Technology Facilities Council</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="UK_Space_Agency" title="UK Space Agency">UK Space Agency</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Food_and_Environment_Research_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Food and Environment Research Agency">Food and Environment Research Agency</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_UK_government_scientific_research_institutes" title="List of UK government scientific research institutes">List of UK government scientific research institutes</a></li>

<li><a href="Parliamentary_Office_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology">Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Science_and_Technology_Select_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Science and Technology Select Committee">Science and Technology Select Committee</a></li>

<li><a href="Scientific_Advisory_Group_for_Emergencies" title="Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies">Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">Industry sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aerospace_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Aerospace industry in the United Kingdom">Aerospace</a>

<ul><li><a href="British_space_programme" title="British space programme">British space programme</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Automotive_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Automotive industry in the United Kingdom">Automotive</a></li>

<li>Computers</li>

<li>Nuclear technology</li>

<li><a href="Pharmaceutical_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Pharmaceutical industry in the United Kingdom">Pharmaceutical</a></li>

<li><a href="Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">Renewable energy</a></li>

<li><a href="Telecommunications_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telecommunications in the United Kingdom">Telecommunications</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">Non- governmental bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em; font-weight:normal">Education and museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Science museums

<ul><li><a href="National_Museum_of_Science_and_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Science and Industry">National Museum of Science and Industry</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Space_Centre" title="National Space Centre">National Space Centre</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Universities in the United Kingdom">Universities</a>

<li><a href="Golden_triangle_(universities)" title="Golden triangle (universities)">Golden triangle</a></li>

<li><a href="Russell_Group" title="Russell Group">Russell Group</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em; font-weight:normal">Societies and professional bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="British_Computer_Society" title="British Computer Society">British Computer Society</a></li>

<li><a href="British_Mass_Spectrometry_Society" title="British Mass Spectrometry Society">British Mass Spectrometry Society</a></li>

<li><a href="British_Society_for_the_Philosophy_of_Science" title="British Society for the Philosophy of Science">British Society for the Philosophy of Science</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineering_Council" title="Engineering Council">Engineering Council</a></li>

<li><a href="Geological_Society_of_London" title="Geological Society of London">Geological Society of London</a></li>

<li><a href="Institute_of_Physics" title="Institute of Physics">Institute of Physics</a></li>

<li><a href="Institute_of_Physics_and_Engineering_in_Medicine" title="Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine">Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine</a></li>

<li><a href="Royal_Academy_of_Engineering" title="Royal Academy of Engineering">Royal Academy of Engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Royal_Aeronautical_Society" title="Royal Aeronautical Society">Royal Aeronautical Society</a></li>

<li><a href="Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Royal Astronomical Society">Royal Astronomical Society</a></li>

<li><a href="Royal_Entomological_Society" title="Royal Entomological Society">Royal Entomological Society</a></li>

<li><a href="Royal_Geographical_Society" title="Royal Geographical Society">Royal Geographical Society</a></li>

<li><a href="Royal_Institution" title="Royal Institution">Royal Institution</a>

<ul><li><a href="Royal_Institution_Christmas_Lectures" title="Royal Institution Christmas Lectures">Christmas Lectures</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Association_for_Science_Education" title="The Association for Science Education">The Association for Science Education</a></li>

<li><a href="Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">Royal Society of Chemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Science_Council" title="Science Council">Science Council</a></li>

<li><a href="Royal_Society_of_Biology" title="Royal Society of Biology">Royal Society of Biology</a></li>

<li><a href="North_of_England_Institute_of_Mining_and_Mechanical_Engineers" title="North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers">North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em; font-weight:normal">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Campaign_for_Science_and_Engineering" title="Campaign for Science and Engineering">Campaign for Science and Engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="EngineeringUK" title="EngineeringUK">EngineeringUK</a></li>

<li><a href="Science_Media_Centre" title="Science Media Centre">Science Media Centre</a></li>

<li><a href="Wellcome_Trust" title="Wellcome Trust">Wellcome Trust</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Engineers</li>

<li>Inventors</li>

<li>Nobel laureates</li>

<li>Science writers</li>

<li>Scientists</li>

<li>Technology writers</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Burlington_House" title="Burlington House">Burlington House</a></li>

<li><a href="East_London_Tech_City" title="East London Tech City">East London Tech City</a></li>

<li><a href="M4_corridor" title="M4 corridor">M4 corridor</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_science_parks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of science parks in the United Kingdom">Science parks</a></li>

<li><a href="Silicon_Fen" title="Silicon Fen">Silicon Fen</a></li>

<li><a href="Silicon_Glen" title="Silicon Glen">Silicon Glen</a></li>

<li><a href="Silicon_Gorge" title="Silicon Gorge">Silicon Gorge</a></li>

<li>Sites of Special Scientific Interest</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_British_innovations_and_discoveries" title="List of British innovations and discoveries">Innovations and discoveries</a></li>

<li>Science and technology awards</li>

<li>Science and technology magazines</li>

<li><a href="JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Science_Week" class="mw-redirect" title="National Science Week">National Science Week</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> Category</li>

<li> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Science and technology in the United Kingdom">Commons</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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